Soo koobid:
1. wakiilka qoynta iyo kala firdhinta
2. Foamer
3. Dhumuc leh
4. Waxyaabaha lagu daro filimada samaynta
5. Ka-hortagga daxalka, ka-hortagga caarada iyo wakiilka algae
6. Waxyaabaha kale ee lagu daro
1 Wakiilka qoynta iyo kala firdhinta:
Dahaarka biyaha ku salaysan waxay u isticmaalaan biyaha sidii dareere dareere ah ama dhexdhexaad ah, biyuhuna waxay leeyihiin dielectric joogto ah oo weyn, sidaas darteed daaha biyaha ku salaysan ayaa inta badan xasiliya dib-u-celinta elektrostatic marka lakabka korantada ee labanlaabanto uu isdhaafsado. Intaa waxaa dheer, nidaamka daahan biyaha ku salaysan, inta badan waxaa jira polymers iyo surfactants non-ionic, kuwaas oo lagu dhajiyay dusha sare ee buuxinta midabka, samaynta caqabad adag iyo xasilinta kala firidhsan. Sidaa daraadeed, rinjiyada biyaha ku salaysan iyo emulsions waxay ku gaadhaan natiijooyin xasilloon iyada oo loo marayo ficilka wadajirka ah ee dib-u-celinta elektrostatic iyo xannibaadda stric. Khasaareheedu waa iska caabbinta elektrolytka oo liidata, gaar ahaan elektrolytka qiimaha sarreeya.
1.1 Wakiilka qoynta
Waxyaalaha qoynta ee dahaarka biyaha ka soo baxa ayaa loo qaybiyaa anionic iyo nonionic.
Isku darka wakiilka qoynta iyo wakiilka kala firdhiya waxay gaari karaan natiijooyin fiican. Qadarka wakiilka qoynta guud ahaan waa dhowr kunkiiba. Saameynteeda xun waa xumbo iyo yaraynta caabbinta biyaha ee filimka daahan.
Mid ka mid ah isbeddellada horumarinta ee wakiilada qoynta waa in si tartiib tartiib ah loo beddelo polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO ama APE), sababtoo ah waxay keenaysaa hoos u dhigista hormoonnada ragga ee jiirka waxayna faragelisaa endocrine. Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa emulsifiers inta lagu jiro polymerization emulsion.
Surfactants mataanaha sidoo kale waa horumar cusub. Waa laba molecules oo amphiphilic ah oo ay ku xidhan yihiin spacer. Sifada ugu caansan ee mataanaha-unugyada dusha sare waa in xooga-saarista mille-ka ee muhiimka ah (CMC) ay ka badan tahay amar ka hooseeya kan korkooda "hal unug", oo ay ku xigto hufnaan sare. Sida TEGO Twin 4000, waa unug mataano ah siloxane surfactant, oo leh xumbo aan xasilloonayn iyo sifooyin xumbo-baxa.
Alaabooyinka hawada ayaa soo saaray Gemini surfactants. Surfactants-dhaqameedku waxay leeyihiin dabada hydrophobic iyo madaxa hydrophilic, laakiin surfactant cusub ayaa leh laba kooxood oo hydrophobic ah iyo laba ama saddex kooxood oo hydrophobic ah, taas oo ah surfactant multifunctional , oo loo yaqaan glycols acetylene, alaabooyinka sida EnviroGem AD01.
1.2 kala firdhisan
Qaybaha rinjiga cinjirka ah waxa loo qaybiyaa afar qaybood: kala firdhiya fosfate, polyacid homopolymer dispersants, polyacid copolymer dispersants iyo kuwo kale.
Fosfooraska ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa polyphosphates, sida sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, wax soo saarka shirkadda BK Giulini Kiimikada ee Jarmalka), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) iyo tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP). Habka falkeedu waa in la dejiyo dib-u-celinta elektrostatic iyada oo loo marayo isku-xidhka hydrogen iyo xayeysiinta kiimikada. Faa'iidada ay leedahay ayaa ah in qiyaasta qiyaasta ay yar tahay, qiyaastii 0.1%, waxayna leedahay saameyn wanaagsan oo kala firidhsan oo ku saabsan midabada aan organic iyo buuxinta. Laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira cillado: mid ka mid ah, oo ay weheliso kor u kaca qiimaha pH iyo heerkulka, polyphosphate si fudud ayaa loo nadiifiyaa, waxay keentaa xasilloonida kaydinta muddada dheer oo xun; Kala dirida aan dhamaystirnayn ee dhexdhexaadka ah waxay saamayn doontaa dhalaalka rinjiga cinjirka dhalaalaya.
Fosfate ester firdhiyaa waa isku dhafka monoesters, diesters, aalkolada haraaga ah iyo fosfooraska acid.
Qaybaha Fosfate ester waxay dejiyaan kala firdhisanaanta midabka, oo ay ku jiraan midabada falcelisa sida zinc oxide. Qaababka rinjiga dhalaalaya, waxay hagaajinaysaa dhalaalka iyo nadiifinta. Si ka duwan waxyaallaha kale ee qoynta iyo kala firdhinta, ku darida fosfooraska ester-ka firdhiya ma saameynayso KU iyo ICI viscosity ee dahaarka.
Polyacid homopolymer dispersant, sida Tamol 1254 iyo Tamol 850, Tamol 850 waa homopolymer ah methacrylic acid. Polyacid copolymer dispersant, sida Orotan 731A, kaas oo ah copolymer diisobutylene iyo maleic acid. Sifooyinka labadan nooc ee kala firdhiyey waa in ay soo saaraan adsorption xoog leh ama ku xidhidhaynta dusha sare ee midabada iyo buuxinta, waxay leeyihiin silsilado kelli dheer si ay u sameeyaan caqabad adag, oo ay leeyihiin milmay biyaha ee dhamaadka silsiladda, iyo qaar ka mid ah waxaa lagu kabo by electrostatic celin gaaro natiijooyin xasilloon. Si firdhiyahu u yeesho kala firdhisanaan wanaagsan, miisaanka kelli waa in si adag loo xakameeyo. Haddii miisaanka unugyadu aad u yar yahay, waxaa jiri doona caqabad aan ku filnayn; Haddii miisaanka unugyadu uu aad u weyn yahay, qulqulitaan ayaa dhacaya. Qaybaha polyacrylate, saamaynta fidinta ugu fiican ayaa lagu gaari karaa haddii heerka polymerization uu yahay 12-18.
Noocyada kale ee kala firdhiyey, sida AMP-95, waxay leeyihiin magac kiimiko ah 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Kooxda amino-ku waxay ku dheggan yihiin dusha sare ee qaybaha aan noolaha ahayn, kooxda hydroxyl-kuna waxay ku fidsan tahay biyaha, taas oo ka ciyaarta doorka xasilinta iyada oo loo marayo caqabado adag. Cabbirkiisa yar awgeed, caqabada adagi waa xaddidan tahay. AMP-95 inta badan waa nidaamiye pH ah.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cilmi-baarista ku saabsan kala-firdhinta waxay ka gudubtay dhibaatada qulqulka qulqulka ee uu keeno miisaanka kelliga sare, iyo horumarinta miisaanka kelliga sare waa mid ka mid ah isbeddellada. Tusaale ahaan, EFKA-4580 ee culeyska sare ee miisaanka kelli ee ay soo saarto emulsion polymerization waxaa si gaar ah loogu horumariyay daaha warshadaha biyaha ku saleysan, oo ku habboon kala firdhisanaanta midabka organic iyo inorganic, waxayna leedahay iska caabin biyo wanaagsan.
Kooxaha Amino waxay xiriir wanaagsan u leeyihiin midabyo badan iyada oo loo marayo aashitada-saldhigga ama isku-xidhka hydrogen. Qaybaha copolymer-ka ee kala firdhiya aminoacrylic acid sida kooxda soo xidhidhiyaha ayaa fiiro gaar ah loo siiyay.
Kala firdhiya leh dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate oo ah koox soo xidhidh
Tego Dispers 655 qoynta iyo kala firdhinta wax lagu daro waxaa loo isticmaalaa rinjiyada baabuurta ee biyaha ka dhasha ma aha oo kaliya in lagu jiheeyo midabada laakiin sidoo kale si looga hortago in budada aluminiumku ay ka falceliso biyaha.
Sababo la xiriira walaaca deegaanka, wakiilada qoynta iyo kala firdhinta noolaha ayaa la sameeyay, sida EnviroGem AE taxane mataano-unug ah oo qoynta iyo wakiilada kala firdhiya, kuwaas oo ah qoynta xumbo-hooseeya iyo wakiilada kala firdhiya.
2 xumbo-sameeye:
Waxa jira noocyo badan oo ka mid ah kuwa dhaqameedka defoamers-biyoodka ku salaysan, kuwaas oo guud ahaan loo qaybiyo saddex qaybood: kuwa saliidda ka saara, polysiloxane defoamers iyo kuwa kale ee foamers.
Saliidaha xumbo-sameeyaha ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa, badi ahaan rinji fidsan iyo kuwa dhalaal ah.
Polysiloxane defoamers waxay leeyihiin xiisad hoose oo hoose, xumbo-baxa xooggan iyo awoodaha antifoaming, oo aan saameyn ku yeelan gloss, laakiin marka si khaldan loo isticmaalo, waxay keeni doonaan cillado sida hoos u dhaca filimka daahan iyo dib u soo celinta liidata.
Naqshadeeyayaasha rinjiga biyaha ku salaysan ee dhaqameedku waa kuwo aan ku habboonayn marxaladda biyaha si loo gaaro ujeedada ka-baxa, sidaas darteed way fududahay in la soo saaro cilladaha dusha sare ee filimka daahan.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa la sameeyay foamers heerka molecular.
Wakiilkan antifoaming waa polymer la sameeyay iyadoo si toos ah loogu tallaalayo walxaha firfircoon ee antifoaming walxaha sidaha. Silsiladda molecular ee polymer-ka waxay leedahay koox hydroxyl qoynta, walaxda firfircoon ee defoaming waxaa lagu qaybiyaa agagaarka molecule, walaxda firfircoon ma fududa in la isku daro, iyo waafaqsanaanta nidaamka daahan waa mid wanaagsan. FoamStar-ka heerka-molecular ee noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah saliidaha macdanta - taxanaha FoamStar A10, silicon-containing - FoamStar A30 series, iyo non-silicon, polymers non-saliid - FoamStar MF taxane.
Waxa kale oo la sheegay in defoamer-ka heerka-molecular uu u isticmaalo polymers xiddigo super-jaro ah sida surfactants aan ku habboonayn, oo uu natiijooyin wanaagsan ka helay codsiyada daahan biyaha ku salaysan. Alaabada hawada molecular-class defoamer ayaa sheegay in Stout et al. waa wakiilka xakamaynta xumbo-samaynta acetylene glycol-ku-salaysan iyo foamer-ka leh labadaba sifooyin qoynta, sida Surfynol MD 20 iyo Surfynol DF 37.
Intaa waxaa dheer, si loo daboolo baahiyaha soo saarista daboolka eber-VOC, waxaa sidoo kale jira foamers-free VOC, sida Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, iwm.
3 Dhumucda:
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhumucyo, oo hadda sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa ether cellulose iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda dhumucdooda, dhumucyada alkali-barari kara (HASE) iyo dhumucyada polyurethane (HEUR).
3.1. Cellulose ether iyo waxyaabaha ka soo jeeda
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) waxaa markii ugu horreysay si warshadaysan u soo saartay Shirkadda Union Carbide 1932, waxayna leedahay taariikh in ka badan 70 sano. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhumucyada ether cellulose iyo waxyaabaha ka soo baxa inta badan waxaa ka mid ah hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) iyo xanthan xanjo. iwm., kuwani waa dhumucyada aan-ionic ahayn, sidoo kale waxay ka tirsan yihiin kuwa aan la xidhiidhin dhumucda wajiga biyaha. Waxaa ka mid ah, HEC waa tan ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo rinjiga cinjirka.
Hydrophobically modified cellulose (HMHEC) waxay soo bandhigaysaa qadar yar oo ah kooxo alkyl hydrophobic hydrophobic dheer ah oo ku saabsan laf-dhabarka hydrophilic ee cellulose si ay u noqdaan dhumuc iskuxiran, sida Natrosol Plus Grade 330, 331, Cellosize SG-100, Bermocoll EHM-100 . Saameynteeda dhumucdeedu waxay la mid tahay kuwa dhumucyada ether-ka cellulose ee leh culeyska unugyadu aad uga weyn yahay. Waxay hagaajinaysaa viscosity iyo sinnaanta ICI, waxayna yaraynaysaa xiisadda dusha sare, sida culeyska dusha sare ee HEC wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 67mN / m, iyo culeyska dusha sare ee HMHEC waa 55-65mN / m.
3.2 Dhumuc weyn oo Alkali-barari kara
Dhumucyada Alkali-barari kara waxay u qaybsan yihiin laba qaybood: dhumucyada alkali-barari karin (ASE) iyo dhumucyada alkali-barari kara (HASE), kuwaas oo ah dhumucyo anionic ah. ASE aan la xidhiidhin waa poliacrylate alkali emulsion bararka. Associative HASE waa emulsion barar ah polyacrylate alkali hydrophobically modified.
3.3. Dhumucda poliurethane iyo dhumucyada hydrophobically modified non-polyurethane dhumucdiisuna
Dhumucsanaanta Polyurethane, ee loo yaqaan HEUR, waa koox-hydrophobic-ku-beddelay ethoxylated polyurethane polyurethane biyo-milmi kara, kaas oo iska leh dhumucnad associative non-ionic. HEUR waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: kooxda hydrophobic, silsilad hydrophilic iyo kooxda polyurethane. Kooxda hydrophobic waxay ciyaaraan door urur waana qodobka ugu muhiimsan ee dhumucdiisuna tahay, sida caadiga ah oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, iwm. Silsiladda molecular ee HEUR waxaa fidiyay kooxaha polyurethane, sida IPDI, TDI iyo HMDI. Sifada qaabdhismeed ee dhumucyada associative waa in ay joojiyaan kooxaha hydrophobic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, heerka beddelka kooxaha hydrophobic ee labada daraf ee qaar ka mid ah HEURs ganacsi ahaan loo heli karo way ka hooseeyaan 0.9, kan ugu fiicanna waa 1.7 kaliya. Xaaladaha falcelinta waa in si adag loo xakameeyaa si loo helo dhumuc weyn oo poliurethane leh qaybinta miisaanka kelli cidhiidhi ah iyo waxqabad deggan. Inta badan HEUR-yada waxaa lagu farsameeyaa polymerization-ka tallaabo-tallaabo ah, sidaa darteed HEUR-yada ganacsi ahaan loo heli karo guud ahaan waa isku dhafka miisaannada unugyada unugyada.
Richey iyo al. loo isticmaalo dhumucda ururka fluorescent tracer pyrene (PAT, tirada celceliska miisaanka kelli 30000, miisaanka celceliska miisaanka kelli 60000) si loo ogaado in fiirsashada 0.02% (miisaanka), heerka isku-darka micelle ee Acrysol RM-825 iyo PAT waxay ahayd qiyaastii 6. The tamarta isku dhafka ah ee u dhaxaysa dhumucda iyo dusha sare ee qaybaha cinjirka waa qiyaastii 25 KJ/mol; Meesha uu ku jiro unug kasta oo dhumucdi PAT ah oo ku yaal dusha sare ee walxaha cinjirka ah waa qiyaastii 13 nm2, taas oo ku saabsan aagga uu haysto wakiilka qoynta Triton X-405 14 jeer ka badan 0.9 nm2. Dhumucda polyurethane associative sida RM-2020NPR, DSX 1550, iwm.
Horumarinta dhumucda polyurethane associative deegaanka saaxiibtinimo ayaa helay dareen baahsan. Tusaale ahaan, BYK-425 waa VOC- iyo APEO-free dhumucyada poliurethane-ka urea wax laga beddelay. Rheolate 210, Borchi Gel 0434, Tego ViscoPlus 3010, 3030 iyo 3060 waa dhumuc weyn oo polyurethane ah oo aan lahayn VOC iyo APEO.
Marka lagu daro dhumucyada poliurethane ee toosan ee kor lagu sharaxay, waxaa sidoo kale jira dhumucyada poliurethane ee shanlada u eg. Waxa loogu yeero ururka shanlada poliurethane dhumucdiisuna waxay ka dhigan tahay in ay jiraan koox pendant hydrophobic dhexda molecule kasta oo dhumucdiisuna. Dhumucyada noocan oo kale ah sida SCT-200 iyo SCT-275 iwm.
Dhumucyada hydrophobically modified aminoplast (hydrophobically modified ethoxylated aminoplast thickener—HEAT) waxay u beddeshaa xabagta amino ee gaarka ah afar kooxood oo hydrophobic ah, laakiin falcelinta afartan goobood ee falcelinta way ka duwan tahay. Isku darka caadiga ah ee kooxaha hydrophobic, waxaa jira laba kooxood oo kaliya oo xiran, sidaas darteed xayndaabka amino-ka-soo-baxa ah ee isku-dhafka ah wax badan kama duwana HEUR, sida Optiflo H 500. Haddii kooxo badan oo hydrophobic ah lagu daro, sida ilaa 8%. xaaladaha falcelinta waa la hagaajin karaa si loo soo saaro dhumucyada amino oo leh kooxo badan oo hydrophobic xiran. Dabcan, tani sidoo kale waa dhumucda shanlada. Tani dhumucyada amino ee la beddelay ee hydrophobic waxay ka hortagi kartaa viscosity rinjiga inuu hoos u dhaco sababtoo ah ku darida xaddi badan oo ah surfactants iyo dareerayaasha glycol marka midab isku mid ah lagu daro. Sababta ayaa ah in kooxaha hydrophobic xoog leh ay ka hortagi karaan qallafsanaanta, iyo kooxo badan oo hydrophobic ah ayaa leh urur xooggan. Dhumucyada noocan oo kale ah sida Optiflo TVS.
Hydrophobic modified poliether dhumucdiisuna (HMPE) Waxqabadka dhumucda polyeter-ka hydrophobically modified wuxuu la mid yahay HEUR, alaabadana waxaa ka mid ah Aquaflow NLS200, NLS210 iyo NHS300 ee Hercules.
Nidaamkeeda dhumucdiisuna waa saamaynta isku xidhka hydrogen-ka iyo isu-tagga kooxaha dhammaadka. Marka la barbardhigo dhumucyada caadiga ah, waxay leedahay sifooyin ka-hortagga dejinta iyo ka-hortagga sag-goynta. Sida laga soo xigtay polarities kala duwan ee kooxaha dhamaadka ah, dhumucyada polyurea la bedelay waxaa loo qaybin karaa saddex nooc: dhumucyada polyurea polarity hoose, dhumucyada polyurea polarity dhexdhexaad ah iyo dhumucyada polyurea polarity sare. Labada hore waxaa loo isticmaalaa dhumucyada dahaarka millatariga ku salaysan, halka dhumucdiisuna polyurea-polarity sare loo isticmaali karo labada daahan oo ku salaysan dareere polarity sare iyo daahan biyaha ku salaysan. Alaabooyinka ganacsiga ee polarity hooseeya, polarity dhexdhexaad ah iyo dhumucyada polarity-ga sarreeya waa BYK-411, BYK-410 iyo BYK-420 siday u kala horreeyaan.
Wax slurry polyamide wax laga beddelay waa wax rheological ah oo la soo saaray iyadoo lagu soo bandhigayo kooxaha hydrophilic sida PEG ee silsiladda molecular ee wax amide. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, noocyada qaar ayaa la soo dhoofiyaa waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu hagaajiyo thixotropy ee nidaamka iyo hagaajinta anti-thixotropy. Waxqabadka lidka-sag.
Waqtiga boostada: Nov-22-2022