Soo Koobid:
1. Qoynta iyo wakiilka kala-soocidda
2. DefoMer
3. Qoori
4. Filimka-filimka
5. Ka hortagga-xudunta,-ka-hortagga-haynta iyo wakiilka algae
6. Waxyaabaha kale ee lagu daro
1 Qeybta iyo wakiilka kala firidhsan:
Xirmooyinka ku saleysan biyaha waxay u isticmaalaan biyo sida dareer ama dhexdhexaad, iyo biyuhu waxay leeyihiin digaag ballaaran oo joogto ah, sidaa darteed jaakadaha biyaha oo inta badan lagu dejiyo cabashada korantada ee lakabka korantada. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, nidaamka daboolka ku saleysan biyaha, waxaa jira pomoomers-ka biyuhu sidoo kalena waxaa jira pomoomers-ka iyo saqafka aan ini-isic-ka, kuwaas oo ku yaal dusha sare ee buuxinta midabka, sameynta caqabadda sedecadaha iyo xasilinta kala-duwan. Sidaa darteed, rinjiga ku saleysan biyaha iyo emulsions-ka waxay ku gaaraan natiijooyin xasilloon iyada oo loo marayo ficilka wadajirka ah ee ceymiska electrostatic iyo caqabadda shaashadda. Faa'iido darrooyinka ayaa ah iska caabbinta elektrololyte ee liita, gaar ahaan elektrololytes-ka sarreeya.
1.1 Wakiilka qoynta
Wakiilka qoynta ee jaakadaha biyaha ka dhasha ayaa loo qaybiyaa anionic iyo aan iswada ahayn.
Isku-darka wakiilka qoynta iyo wakiilka kala-duwani waxay gaari karaan natiijooyin fiican. Caddadka wakiilka qoynta guud ahaan waa waxoogaa kun ah. Saamaynteeda taban ayaa xumo iyo yareynta biyaha iska caabbinta filimka dahaarka ah.
Mid ka mid ah isbeddellada horumarka ee wakiilada qoynta waa in si tartiib tartiib ah loo beddelo poloyxyyethylen alkyl (apeo ama apeo ama apeo ama apeno ama ay ku dhimayso yareynta hormoonada ragga ee jiirka iyo faragalinta endocrine. Polyoxyethylen Alkyl (Benzene) Ethedol Etters waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa sida emulsifiers inta lagu gudajiro polummurize-ka emulsion.
Surficadaha mataanaha ah sidoo kale waa horumarro cusub. Waa laba molekules ah oo amphifbilic ah oo ku xidhan meel bannaan. Muuqaalka ugu caansan ee mataanaha-unugyada mataanaha ah ayaa ah in feejignaanta muhiimka ah ee micro ee loo yaqaan 'cmc' ay ka badan tahay amar baaxad weyn oo ka hooseeya kuwa 'surfacals', oo ay ku xigto hufnaanta sare. Sida TEEO mataanaha TEGO 4000, waa mataanaha loo yaqaan 'spin staplat', oo uu leeyahay xumbo aan degganayn oo dayactir ah.
Alaabada hawada ayaa soo saartay Surlacyats Gemini. Surpaks dhaqameedyadu waxay leeyihiin dabada caadiga ah iyo madaxa biyaha leh, laakiin qalabkan cusub, laakiin waa labo kooxo oo biyo-mareen ah, oo loo yaqaan 'surtyropunt', oo loo yaqaan 'acetylene glycols', oo loo yaqaan 'acetylene glycols', oo loo yaqaan 'acetylene glycols', alaabooyinka sida hintrogem ad01.
1.2 FARSAMADA
Kala-soocidda rinjiga cinjirka ah ayaa loo qaybiyaa afar qaybood: kala-soocidda fosfooraska, kala-sooca polyaciid-ka, polyaciid-polyaciider copolumers iyo kala-soocidda kale.
Frotaphosphate (Calgon n, wax soo saarka bk Giulini ee Tripini ee Jarmalka), KTPPP) iyo Tetrapotassium Probohosphate (TKPP). Habka ficilkiisa ayaa ah in lagu xasiliyo dib-u-haynta korantada oo loo marayo hydrogen-ka xadhigga iyo xaynta kiimikada. Faa'iidadeeda ayaa ah in qiyaasta ay hooseyso, qiyaastii 0.1%, oo waxay leedahay saameyn wanaagsan oo ku saabsan midabka midabka leh iyo waxyaabaha lagu buuxiyo. Laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira cillad la'aan: kan, oo ay weheliso kor u qaadista qiimaha pH iyo heerkulka, polyphosphate waa si fudud hydrolyped, waxay keentaa xasilloonida waqtiga-dheer ee kaydinta muddada-dheer; Kala-diridda aan dhameystirnayn ee dhexdhexaadka ah waxay saameyn ku yeelan doontaa gloss of glougta dhalaalaya ee dhalaalaya.
Kala-soocidda fosfooraska fosfooraska waa isku-darka monoess, diersos, aalkolo hareen iyo aashitada fosfooraska.
Fursadaha Phosphate Esters ayaa xasiliyay kala firidhyo midab-darooga ah, oo ay kujirto midabyo falcelin ah sida zinc oxide. Qaadashada rinjiga gress-ga, waxay wanaajisaa glo glo giness iyo nadiifin. Si ka duwan qoynta kale iyo kala-soocidda waxyaabaha lagu daro, ku darista fosfooraska phosphates ma saameynayso KU iyo viscosity viscosity ee daboolka.
Polyaciid Homopolyer-ka Froryaplommaner, sida Tamol 1254 iyo Talol 850, Tamol 850 waa homotolmymer of methacrylic acid. Polyaciid Copolmaner Produttener, sida Oranean 731A, oo ah aaladda copolutymylne iyo lab acid. Astaamaha labadan nooc ee kaladuwan ayaa ah inay soo saaraan xayndaab adag ama ku xidhnaa dusha sare ee midabka si ay u sameeyaan xargaha wasakhda, qaarna waxay ka kaxeeyaan sicirka korantada si loo helo natiijooyin elektirooni ah si loo gaaro natiijooyinka korantada si loo gaaro natiijooyin koronto. Si looga dhigo kuwa ku faafiya waxay leeyihiin kala-sooc wanaagsan, culeyska molikal waa in si adag loo xakameeyaa. Haddii culeyska molikulabeel uu aad u yar yahay, waxaa jiri doona carqalad ku filan oo adag; Haddii culeyska moleculal uu aad u ballaaran yahay, floscelation ayaa dhici doonta. Wixii ku saabsan kala-soocidda cudurka polyacrylate, saamaynta ugu fiican ee kala firidhsan ayaa lagu gaari karaa haddii heerka polympheration-ka ay tahay 12-18.
Noocyada kale ee kala duwanaanshaha, sida Amp-95, waxay leeyihiin magac kiimikooyin ah 2-amino-2-methyly-1-popanol. Kooxda Amino waxaa lagu adkeeyay dusha sare ee walxaha inortanic, iyo kooxda hydroxyl ee ku fidsan biyaha, kaas oo door xasilooyn ku leh carqaladeynta sedecaynta. Sababo la xiriira cabirkeeda yar, caqabadda steric waa mid xadidan. AMP-95 inta badan waa xaga sharciyeynta PH.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, cilmi baarista ku saabsan kala firidhsan ayaa ka adkaatay dhibaatada flolculation-ka ee ay sababaan miisaanka molika sare, iyo horumarka miisaanka molikal-ka sare waa mid ka mid ah isbeddelada. Tusaale ahaan, miisaanka moloka-molcular-ka sare ee kala firidhsan efka-4580 Waxaa soo saaray polummeration emulsion ah ayaa si gaar ah loo abuuray jaakad warshadeed oo ku saleysan biyaha, oo ku habboon kala-firidhsan dabiiciga ah iyo inorginic, waxayna leedahay iska caabin biyo ah.
Kooxaha Amino waxay leeyihiin xiriir wanaagsan oo ku saabsan midabyo badan iyada oo loo marayo salka aashitada ama isku xirka hydrogen. Xaraashka Kobadafy Acid oo la kala firdhiyey asinocrylrylic acid maadaama kooxda xijaabka la soo jeediyay.
Kala firidhsan ee leh methocythyl methacrylate kooxda la xidhiidha
TEGO TEGO 655 Qooting iyo kala-soocidda Waxdhaqanka Adag waxaa loo isticmaalaa rinjiyeenta baabuurta ee baabuurta lagu wado oo keliya ma aha oo ku hagaagaya midabka, laakiin sidoo kale ka hortagga budada aluminiumka ka falcelinta biyaha.
Sababo la xiriira walaac deegaanka, qoynta biodegradhabka iyo wakiilo kala firidhsan ayaa la soo saaray, sida himilo ganaax ah oo laga helo TWIN-cOmis-ka taxanaha ah ee qoynta iyo wakiilka kala-soocidda, kuwaas oo ah qoynta hoos udhaca ah iyo wakiilka kala-baxa.
2 Dacfaamer:
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ka hooseeya rinjiga rinjiga-ku-saleysan ee biyaha, kuwaas oo guud ahaan loo qaybiyo saddex qaybood: deploamis saliida macdanta, polstaramane-ka, kuwa kale eefeeyaha kale.
Depoamers saliida macdanta waxaa badanaa la isticmaalaa, badiyaa rinjiga fidsan ee fidsan iyo semi-ga
Detysliloxie-ka-hortaggu wuxuu leeyahay xiisad dusha sare, xasaasiyad xoog leh iyo awooda ka hortagga iyo awoodaha ka hortagga, oo ha u saameynin gloss, laakiin markii si qaldan loo isticmaalo, waxay sababi doonaan cilado ay ka dhigan yihiin filimka dahaarka ah iyo dib u eegista liidata.
Depomamihii rinjiga-ku-saleysan ee ku-saleysan biyaha waa mid aan iswaafajin karin wajiga biyaha si loo gaaro ujeedada dayaca, sidaa darteed way fududahay in la soo saaro ciladaha dusha filimka dahabka ah.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, is-qiiqa molikalar-heerka ayaa la soo saaray.
Wakiilkan ka hortagga ah waa polymer-ka oo loo sameeyay si toos ah oo si toos ah u rujinaya walxaha ka hortagga ah ee walxaha side. Silsiladda molikalalar ee polymer-ka polymormer wuxuu leeyahay qoyaan hydroxyl group, walax ku habboon ee loo qaybiyo molecule, walaxda firfircoon ma sahlanaasho, iyo is-waafajinta nidaamka daboolka ayaa wanaagsan. Dayacayaasha heerka-molicular-molicular-ka waxaa ka mid ah saliidaha macdanta - Foomstar A10 taxane, silikon-ka-hortagga - taxanaha 'Foomstar a30 taxane, polymooyin aan saliid lahayn) taxanaha Foomstar
Waxaa sidoo kale lagu soo waramayaa in dayactirkaan molikaular-heerka uu u adeegsado polyms xiddigood oo supery-ga ah inuu yahay kuwa samatabbiska ee is-waafaqaya, waxayna ku gaadhay natiijooyin wanaagsan codsiyada ku saleysan ee codsiyada ku saleysan biyaha. Alaabada hawada ee loo yaqaan 'Moluscular-fasalka' ee ka soo warbixiyay strot et al. Waa wakiilka kontoroolka ee acetylene-ka ah ee acetylene-ka ah ee loo yaqaan 'Vetylene Glycol' iyo Dacwooda
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, si loo haqabtiro baahiyaha jaale-saarka eber, waxaa sidoo kale jira depomiers-real-bilaash ah, sida Agatan 315, Again e Agian E Agy 35, iwm, iwm.
3 dhumucyo:
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhumucyo ah, oo hadda loo adeegsado unugyada unugyada ah ee loo yaqaan 'cether ether' iyo daliilkeedii dhunjiida, oo dhumucyo badan oo kacsan (har) iyo dhumucyo badan oo polyurethane ah (Hurur).
3.1. Cilmiga Chether iyo kuwa ka soo saaray
Kariimka hydroxyetyl (HEC) ayaa markii ugu horreysay laga soo saaray shirkadda 'Union Shirkadda Carbide' 1932, waxayna leedahay taariikh in kabadan 70 sano. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhumucduhu kacaan oo kacaan ah oo kacaan ah oo kallifeeda ah oo ay ku jiraan hydroxyetyl bydroxyll (MHPyl hydroxylyplyl (MCPC), Mcpcyl hydroxyll (MCPC), Mytyl hydroxyll (MCPC), MCPCY Pluerusel (MCPC), MCPC-ka xannibaadda, iwm, kuwan waa Isku dhufshayaal aan ion-ion-inic, sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah wejiga biyaha aan la xiriirin oo laxiriira dhumucooyin. Waxaa ka mid ah, HEC waa tan ugu badan ee loo adeegsado rinjiga latex.
Uldropholically bydrophose (HMHEC) ayaa lagu soo bandhigayaa qadar yar oo ah silsilado-jilicsan oo hilib doofaar ah oo ku yaal lafdhabarta cellulose si ay u noqdaan xoogaa iskaashi ah, sida Nacrosol Plus fasalka 330, 331, bermocoll ehm-100. Saamaynta qaro weyn ayaa loo isbarbar dhigi karaa taas oo ka mid ah qadhaadhka qadhaadhka ah ee culays badan oo molos weyn leh. Waxay wanaajisaa cod-bixinta iyo heerka ici, waxayna yareysaa xiisadda dusha sare, sida xiisadda dusha sare ee HEC waa qiyaastii 67mn / m, xiisadda dusha sare ee HMHEC waa 55-65mn / m.
3.2 alkali-bararsan
Qulqulatada alkali-baradka ah ayaa loo qaybiyaa laba qaybood: Qoom-qabadyo aan ahayn oo ah kuwa aan laheyn (ASE) iyo iskaashatada Alkali-barafka (Hasaa), kuwaas oo ah dhumucyo badan oo anionic ah. As-xisbiga aan la xiriirin waa polyacrylate alkaji emulsion barar. Idaacadda Haweenka ayaa ah mid ka mid ah cudurka 'polydropobioticate' ee wax laga beddelo emulsion-ka cudurka bararka.
3.3. Cufan polyurethane iyo biyo-mareenno aan wax laga beddelay culayska 'polyurethane'
Polyurethane-ka dhumuc weyn, oo loo yaqaan heaur, waa atdrophobic gelyr polymer-ka-buuxinta ee 'polyurethane polyurethane', oo ay iska leedahay cufnaanta aan lahayn idaacadda. Her wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex qaybood: kooxda hydrophobic, silsiladda hydrophilic iyo kooxda polyurethane. Kooxda hydrophobic-ka ayaa door muhiim ah ka ah qaro weyn, caadiyan Olleyl, ottadecylpenyl, nytecylphen, sida poloyxylethers, sida poloyxyyethere iyo arimaha. Silsiladda molutalar ee heur waxaa kordhiyay kooxaha polyurethane, sida Ipdi, TDI iyo HMdi. Muuqaalka qaabdhismeedka ee dhumucdu waa in laga joojiyo kooxaha hydrophobic. Si kastaba ha noqotee, heerka beddelka kooxaha hydrophobic ee labada dhinacba ee ganacsiga ganacsi ahaan la heli karo ayaa ka hooseeya 0.9, oo ugu fiican waa 1.7 kaliya. Xaaladaha falcelinta waa in si adag loo xakameeyaa si loo helo dhumuc weyn oo polyurethane ah oo leh miisaan yar oo miisaanka yar yar ee miraha yar-yar iyo waxqabadka deggan. Inta badan heesaha waxaa lagu dhex arkaa stemaam-ka sicirka sicirka, sidaa darteed xaraashka ganacsigu waa guud ahaan isku-darka culeyska miisaanka molika ee ballaaran.
Richye et al. Qiyaasta ILorescent Tracer Prorene Parterner Partyner (Pat, celcelis ahaan celcelis ahaan Miisaaniyadda Molocalar 30000, Isugeynta Miisaaniyadda Miisaaniyadda ee AcrySol rm-825), oo ah Qiyaasta Tamarta ee udhaxeysa dhudhunka iyo dusha sare ee walxaha 'totex' waa 25 kj / mol; Aagga uu ku mashquulsanaa molecule-ka weyn ee dusha sare ee dusha sare ee dusha sare ee walxaha latex waa qiyaastii 13 NM2, oo ku saabsan aag uu ku jiro Triton X-405 ee qoynta Q-405 Qeybta 14 jeer ee 0.9 NM2. Polyurethane dhumuc weyne sida RM-2020NNP, DSX 1550, iwm.
Horumarinta Qalonnaanta Policicane ee Beyyurethane ee Beyyurethane ee Beyyurethane ayaa helay fiiro gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, ByK-425 waa "youle---re-free porurethane wax laga beddelay culayska polyurethane ee polyurethane. Rooblalow 210, Borchi Gel 0434, TEGO VISCOPLUS 3010, 3030 iyo 3060 waa isku-darka polyurethane-ga oo aan lahayn mid aan lahayn epeo.
Ka sokow dhumucyada toosan ee toosan ee laxiriira ee kor lagu soo sheegay, sidoo kale waxaa jira dhumucyo badan oo ka mid ah isku-darka polyurethane ee 'polyurethane'. Saddex-da-tiirka loogu yeero Isku-darka Proyurethane ee Qalonyada ayaa la micno ah in ay jirto koox hydrophobic ah oo dhexda dhexda moleelule-ka dhumuc weyn. Qulqulka noocan oo kale ah sida SCT-200 iyo SCT-275 iwm.
Aaminoplast-ka sicir-bararka ee nafaqada leh (hydrophopobiobiobiobioty waxaa wax ka beddelay firfircoonaanta-kuleylka) waxay u beddeshaa Amino Resin-ga ah afar kooxo dareere ah oo gaar ah, laakiin falcelinta afarta goobood ee fal-galka ah ayaa ka duwan. Marka lagu daro caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'hydrophobic', waxaa jira kaliya laba kooxo oo xannibay oo keliya, sidaa daraadeed curcuri-ka-wax-ka-daadashada ee Aamino kama badneyn Heydrophobic, sida 8%. Dabcan, tani sidoo kale waa shanlo qaro weyn. Hydrophobic-kan ah ee wax laga beddelay ee Aminoer ayaa ka hortegi kara viscosion-ka rinjiga laga helo hoos u dhaca sababtuna tahay xad-dhaaf aad u badan oo ka mid ah qalabka wax lagu dhejiyo iyo dareeraha glycol-ka marka lagu daro. Sababta ayaa ah in kooxaha xoogga leh ee dareeraha ah ay ka hortagi karaan kabuubida, iyo kooxaha badan ee dareeraha ah ay leeyihiin urur adag. Kuwa culubayaasha noocan oo kale ah sida vipifloo ee TVs.
Hydrophobic wax laga beddelay dhumuc weyn ee polydriphic
Habka qaro weyn ee qaroku waa saamaynta labada isku xirka Hydrogen iyo Isku-darka kooxaha dhamaadka. Marka la barbar dhigo dhumucweynihii caadiga ahaa, waxay leedahay guryo la-dagaallanka la-dagaallanka iyo kahortaga sag. Sida laga soo xigtay fayoobaanta kaladuwan ee kooxaha dhammaadka, culayska porurea wax laga beddelay ayaa loo qaybin karaa saddex nooc: dhumucyada polyurea ee yar yar, dhumucyada polyurea ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee polyureas iyo hilibka fagaaca ee sare ee polyurea. Labada ugu horreysa waxaa loo isticmaalaa jaakadaha fadhiga xalka xalka ah, halka dhumucda polyurea polyurea ee sareeya waxaa loo isticmaali karaa jaakad ku saleysan xargaha sareeya ee xalka xalka ah iyo jaakadaha biyaha ee ku saleysan labadaba. Alaabada ganacsiga ee caasinimada hoose, dhejisyada dhexdhexaadka ah iyo dhumuc weyn ee polyrication-ka waaweyn waa BYQ-411, BYK-410 iyo BYQ-420 siday u kala horreeyaan.
Slotry wax laga beddelay ee 'polyamide wax slrantry' waa isku-darka rheyalologide-ka ah ee laxiriira iyada oo la soo bandhigaya kooxaha biyaha ku jira sida peg galay silsiladda moliga ah ee amital. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, magacyada qaar ayaa la keenaa waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu hagaajiyo thahotropy nidaamka oo ay horumariyaan anti-thototropy. Waxqabadka anti-SAG.
Waqtiga Post: Nov-22-2022